Caffeine, the principal psychoactive component of coffee, tea, and other beverages, is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy. It easily crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus, as it is a small molecule that is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body.
Several observational studies have shown that high levels of caffeine intake during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, and other adverse outcomes. These findings have led to recommendations that pregnant women should limit their caffeine intake to 200 mg per day. This amount is equivalent to about two cups of coffee or four cups of tea.
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